CentOS/Linux:如何检测硬盘的坏道
January 8, 2015
本文将会讲述如何使用硬盘状态的测试工具来检测硬盘的坏道。下面主要通过操作三个硬盘测试工具来进行.
硬盘状态测试工具：smartctl、Badblocks、hdparm
安装smartctl 工具
输入下面的命令：
[root@qy ~]#yum install smartmontools -y
启动SMART
# smartctl --smart=on --offlineauto=on --saveauto=on /dev/sda
对/dev/sda分区进行检查
输入下面的命令：
smartctl -a /dev/sda
命令输出：
smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458[i686-linux-2.6.18-194.el5PAE] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen,http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net
Vendor: SEAGATE
Product: ST3146356SS
vision: HS09
User Capacity: 146,815,733,760 bytes [146 GB]
Logical block size: 512 bytes
Logical Unit id: 0x5000c50004fa837f
Serial number: 3QN0EL91
Device type: disk
Transport protocol: SAS
Local Time is: Fri Oct 31 10:45:58 2014 CST
Device supports SMART and is Enabled
Temperature Warning Disabled or NotSupported
SMART Health Status: OK #版本的不通这里显示的也不一样。
Current Drive Temperature: 30 C
Drive Trip Temperature: 68 C
Elements in grown defect list: 0 #才是出坏道，俗称成长坏道。
Vendor (Seagate) cache information
Blocks sent to initiator = 3752023409
Blocks received from initiator = 3916316860
Blocks read from cache and sent to initiator = 4025399956
Number of read and write commands whose size <= segment size =3339079605
Number of read and write commands whose size > segment size = 2746
Vendor (Seagate/Hitachi) factoryinformation
number of hours powered up = 34120.02
number of minutes until next internal SMART test = 1
Error counter log:
Errors Corrected by Total Correction Gigabytes Total
ECC rereads/ errors algorithm processed uncorrected
fast | delayed rewrites corrected invocations [10^9 bytes] errors
read: 248894024 0 0 248894024 248894024 85241.186 0
write: 0 0 0 0 0 30998.996 0
verify: 340001 0 0 340001 340001 141.757 0
Non-medium errorcount: 51 #非介质错误。意思是说不是盘的问题，一般是电缆、传输、校验问题，可以忽略的。
No self-tests have been logged
Long (extended) Self Test duration: 1740seconds [29.0 minutes]
可以用命令直接查看硬盘的好坏:
[root@qy ~]# smartctl -H /dev/sda smartctl 5.42 2011-10-20 r3458[i686-linux-2.6.18-194.el5PAE] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen,http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net SMART Health Status: OK
[root@localhost ~]# smartctl -H /dev/sda smartctl 5.43 2012-06-30 r3573 [x86_64-linux-2.6.32-358.el6.x86_64] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-12 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART STATUS RETURN: incomplete response, ATA output registers missing SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED Warning: This result is based on an Attribute check.
OK和PASSED都属于磁盘是正常的。
Badblocks工具测试正常，无坏道信息：
badblocks命令可以检查磁盘装置中损坏的区块。执行该指令时须指定所要检查的磁盘装置，及此装置的磁盘区块数。
badblocks -s//显示进度 -v//显示执行详细情况 /dev/sda1
badblocks -s//显示进度 -w//以写去检测 -v//显示执行详细情况 /dev/sda2
注意，不能以写的方式检测已经挂载的硬盘
[root@qy ~]# badblocks -s -v /dev/sda Checking blocks 0 to 143374740 Checking for bad blocks (read-only test):done Passcompleted, 0 bad blocks found.
此磁盘通过测试，没有坏道（坏块）。您可以放心使用。
不论是什么类型的坏道，均建议您首先进行数据备份！把重要数据进行备份然后再尝试修复。如果您有重要数据却无法读取（磁盘出现异常），那么请立即停止使用此磁盘并找专业人员进行修复。
使用hdparm测试
测试硬盘读写速度
# hdparm -Tt /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing cached reads: 1918 MB in 2.00 seconds = 959.62 MB/sec Timing buffered disk reads: 184 MB in 3.00 seconds = 61.26 MB/sec
hdparm可检测，显示与设定IDE或SCSI硬盘的参数。
可以使用sg_vpd命令查看硬盘转速，sg_vpd命令是sg3_utils其中一个工具.
下载地址：http://sg.danny.cz/sg/sg3_utils.html
[root@qy sg3_utils-1.39]# sg_vpd /dev/sda
关于smart检测硬盘命令补充:
smartctl -a
smartctl -s on
smartctl -t short
smartctl -t long
smartctl -C -t short
smartctl -C -t long
martctl -X
smartctl -l selftest
smartctl -l error
首先通过dmesg工具，确认一下硬盘的设备符号。例如一个IDE硬盘连接到Primary IDE 总线上的Slave位置，硬盘设备符号是/dev/hdb，hdb中的h代表IDE，如果显示为sdb，则代表SATA和SCSI，最后一个字幕b代表Primary总线，第二块硬盘即Slave位置，确认硬盘是否打开了SMART支持：
# smartctl -i /dev/sda smartctl 5.40 2010-10-16 r3189 [i386-redhat-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === Device Model: HITACHI HTS543225L9SA00 Serial Number: 090131FB2F32YLG28JEA Firmware Version: FBEZC48C User Capacity: 250,059,350,016 bytes Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall] ATA Vrsion is: 8 ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 3f Local Time is: Wed May 25 10:10:39 2011 CST SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled //表示启用了smart支持如果看到SMART support is: Disabled表示SMART未启用，执行如下命令，启动SMART
# smartctl --smart=on --offlineauto=on --saveauto=on /dev/sda smartctl 5.40 2010-10-16 r3189 [i386-redhat-linux-gnu] (local build) opyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF ENABLE/DISABLE COMMANDS SECTION === SMART Enabled. SMARTAttribute Autosave Enabled. SMART Automatic Offline Testing Enabled every four hours.
现在硬盘的SMART功能已经被打开，执行如下命令查看硬盘的健康状况
# smartctl -H /dev/sda smartctl 5.40 2010-10-16 r3189 [i386-redhat-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
请注意result后边的结果：PASSED，这表示硬盘健康状态良好；如果这里显示Failure，那么最好立刻给服务器更换硬盘。SMART只能报告磁盘已经不再健康，但是报警后还能继续运行多久是不确定的。通常，SMART报警参数是有预留的，磁盘报警后，不会当场坏掉，一般能坚持一段时间，有的硬盘SMART报警后还继续跑了好几年，有的硬盘SMART报错后几天就坏了。但是一旦出现报警，侥幸心里是万万不能的……
原文：51cto
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